The future of antibiotics resistance detection in Mycoplasma bovis?

Mycoplasma bovis causes many health and welfare problems in cattle. Due to the absence of clear insights regarding transmission dynamics and the lack of a registered vaccine in Europe, control of an outbreak depends mainly on antimicrobial therapy. Unfortunately, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is usually not performed, because it is time-consuming and no standard protocol or clinical breakpoints are available. Fast identification of genetic markers associated with acquired resistance may at least partly resolve former issues. Therefore, the aims of this study were to implement a first genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to identify genetic markers linked to anti-microbial resistance (AMR) in M. bovis using rapid long-read sequencing and to evaluate different epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) thresholds. High-quality genomes of 100 M. bovis isolates were generated by Nanopore sequencing, and isolates were categorized as wild- type or non-wild-type isolates based on MIC testing results. Subsequently, a k-mer-based GWAS analysis was performed to link genotypes with phenotypes based on different ECOFF thresholds. This resulted in potential genetic markers for macrolides (gamithromycin and tylosin) (23S rRNA gene and 50S ribosomal unit) and enrofloxacin (GyrA and ParC). Also, for tilmicosin and the tetracyclines, previously described mutations in both 23S rRNA alleles and in one or both 16S rRNA alleles were observed. In addition, two new 16S rRNA mutations were possibly associated with gentamicin resistance. In conclusion, this study shows the potential of quick high-quality Nanopore sequencing and GWAS analysis in the evaluation of phenotypic ECOFF thresholds and the rapid identification of M. bovis strains with acquired resistance.